Ancestry of Laura Elizabeth Ingalls

Immortalized in time by the Little House series of books that she wrote based on her own life, Laura Elizabeth Ingalls was born on February 7, 1867, in a little cabin at the edge of the Big Woods in the Chippewa River Valley region of Wisconsin. The second child of Charles Philip Ingalls and Caroline Lake Quiner, she was named after Charles mother, Laura Louise Colby Ingalls. Almanzo James Wilder, the man Laura would eventually come to marry, was born February 13, 1857, near Malone, New York. He was the fifth of six children born to James Mason Wilder and Angeline Albina Day. Laura and Almanzo married on August 25, 1885, in De Smet, Dakota Territory, and had two children - Rose born in 1886 and a baby boy who died soon after his birth in August 1889. This family tree begins with Rose and traces back through both of her parents. First Generation 1. Rose WILDER was born on 5 Dec 1886 in Kingsbury Co., Dakota Territory. She died on 30 Oct 1968 in Danbury, Fairfield Co., Connecticut. Second Generation (Parents) 2. Almanzo James WILDER was born on 13 Feb 1857 in Malone, Franklin Co., New York. He died on 23 Oct 1949 in Mansfield, Wright Co., Missouri. 3. Laura Elizabeth INGALLS was born on 7 Feb 1867 in Pepin County, Wisconsin. She died on 10 Feb 1957 in Mansfield, Wright Co., MO. Almanzo James WILDER and Laura Elizabeth INGALLS were married on 25 Aug 1885 in De Smet, Kingsbury Co., Dakota Territory. They had the following children:    1 i. Rose WILDER ii. Baby boy WILDER was born on 12 Aug 1889 in Kingsbury Co., Dakota Territory. He died on 24 Aug 1889 and is buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. Third Generation (Grandparents) 4. James Mason WILDER was born on 26 Jan 1813 in VT. He died in Feb 1899 in Mermentau, Acadia Co., LA. 5. Angelina Albina DAY was born in 1821. She died in 1905. James Mason WILDER and Angelina Albina DAY were married on 6 Aug 1843 and had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Laura Ann WILDER was born on 15 Jun 1844 and died in 1899. ii. Royal Gould WILDER was born on 20 Feb 1847 in New York and died in 1925. iii. Eliza Jane WILDER was born on 1 Jan 1850 in New York and died in 1930 in Louisiana. iv. Alice M. WILDER was born on 3 Sep 1853 in New York and died in 1892 in Florida. 2 v. Almanzo James WILDER  Ã‚   vi. Perley Day WILDER was born on 13 Jun 1869 in New York and died 10 May 1934 in Louisiana. 6. Charles Phillip INGALLS was born on 10 Jan 1836 in Cuba Twp., Allegany Co., New York. He died on 8 Jun 1902 in De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota and is buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. 7. Caroline Lake QUINER was born on 12 Dec 1839 in Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin. She died on 20 Apr 1924 in De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota and is buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. Charles Phillip INGALLS and Caroline Lake QUINER were married on 1 Feb 1860 in Concord, Jefferson Co., Wisconsin. They had the following children:   Ã‚  Ã‚   i. Mary Amelia INGALLS was born on 10 Jan 1865 in Pepin County, Wisconsin. She died on 17 Oct 1928 in at the home of her sister Carrie in Keystone, Pennington Co., South Dakota, and is buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. She suffered a stroke which caused her to go blind at the age of 14 and lived with her parents until the death of her mother, Caroline. After that she lived with her sister, Grace. She never married. 3 ii. Laura Elizabeth INGALLS iii. Caroline Celestia (Carrie) INGALLS was born on 3 Aug 1870 in Montgomery Co., Kansas. She died of a sudden illness on 2 Jun 1946 in Rapid City, Pennington Co., South Dakota, and is buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. She married David N. Swanzey, a widow, on 1 Aug 1912. Carrie and Dave never had any children together, but Carrie raised Daves children, Mary and Harold, as her own. The family lived in Keystone, the site of Mount Rushmore. Dave was one of the group of men who recommended the mountain to the sculptor, and Carries stepson Harold helped with the carving. iv. Charles Frederic (Freddie) INGALLS was born on 1 Nov 1875 in Walnut Grove, Redwood Co., Minnesota. He died on 27 Aug 1876 in Wabasha Co., Minnesota. v. Grace Pearl INGALLS was born on 23 May 1877 in Burr Oak, Winneshiek Co., Iowa. She died on 10 Nov 1941 in De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota, and is was buried in De Smet Cemetery, De Smet, Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. Grace married Nathan (Nate) William DOW on 16 Oct 1901 in her parents home in De Smet, South Dakota. Grace and Nate never had any children.

Abortion In Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants

On its surface level, Ernest Hemingway’s short story, Hills Like White Elephants, appears to be a seemingly simple tale of an American man and a girl waiting at a train station in Spain while having a civil conversation about an unmentioned operation over a few drinks; however, after readers look past the nondescript writing style of Hemingway, it becomes evident that the conversation is actually revolving around a topic much more serious. The â€Å"simple† operation the man is trying to convince the girl to get is an abortion. In 2017, abortion is still a taboo subject. It is something society often avoids talking about due to the fear of creating a political uproar resulting from the opinion of one individual. Therefore, it should come as a†¦show more content†¦On June 2nd, 1915, The Day Book, a newspaper based out of Chicago, reported the death of Anna Johnson after a faulty abortion. The article discusses a trend amongst women of going to an abortion parlor in search of â€Å"little red pills for ladies† and the local law enforcement’s attempt to investigate such parlors in order to prevent â€Å"professional murderers† (â€Å"Council Orders† 8). The author makes the distinct choice to use the harsh phrase â€Å"professional murder† in the article in order to dramatize the crime of the abortion to imply the innocence of the women who obtained the procedure. The article continues to develop Anna’s innocence by describing her as â€Å"a poor girl† found â€Å"dead in the home of Dr. Eva Shaver, with a bullet in her head† (8). Based on the context of the article, it is impossible to determine whether the author uses the word poor purely as a way to evoke sympathy or simply to describe Johnson’s financial status. Whether it is used to describe her financial status or not, the connotative associations of the word â€Å"poor† creates a sense of pity and sorrow for the dea d women among readers. Similarly, the decision to use the word â€Å"girl† to describe Anna is another way the author, consciously or not,Show MoreRelatedAbortion In Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants1237 Words   |  5 Pages The short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† by Ernest Hemingway, talk about a young couple and their relationship issue about abortion. Even though, the story happened in a short period of time, but it tells more than just a story. The woman named Jig, where the man only called as â€Å" a man† or â€Å" The American.† Although the relationship between them is complicated, but it is clearly that they are not married. However, they continued their relationship which came to result that Jig became pregnantRead MoreCritical Analysis of the Short Story ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway.1497 Words   |  6 Pagesof the short story ‘Hills like White Elephants’ by Ernest Hemingway. Word Count: 1367 Hills like White Elephants – Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Will Jig have the abortion and stay with the man; will Jig have the abortion and leave the man; or will Jig not have the abortion and win the man over to her point of view?† (Hashmi, N, 2003). These are the three different scenarios that have been seriously considered in Ernest Hemingway’s short story, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. Ernest Hemingway is a greatRead MoreErnest Hemingway s Life As A Writer1074 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Miller Hemingway was born July 21, 1899 in Chicago, IL to Clarence and Grace Hill-Hemingway. Ernest’s parents were a physician and a musician, respectively, and were both well educated individuals who encouraged their children to follow in their footsteps educationally. Ernest Hemingway began his career as an author and journalist at the age of seventeen. Ernest took a high school course in Journalism taught by Fannie Biggs, which was taught, as though the classroom were a newspaper officeRead MoreThe Literary Pieces Of Ernest Hemingway, A Great American 20th Century Novelist852 Words   |  4 Pagesobvious to the readers whilst portraying different aspects for literary criticisms. Many authors utilize these poetic tactics to give different perspectives to their written works. Ernest Hemingway, a great American 20th century novelist produced many literature writings, and of his greatest creations Hills like White Elephants emerged in 1920. A short story consisting of what appears to be a simplistic conversation between an American man and a mysterious woman named Jig, (whose ethnicity was never revealed)Read MoreTo Let The Air In964 Words   |  4 Pagesand the submissive doormat to more empowering trajectories. Many debatable issues surround women’s campaign of liberties including the broadly debated right to decide who has ultimate say in regards of getting an abortion. Ernest Hemingway wrote a story called, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† that conveyed the viewpoint of females centered around the topic . Well into character’s development the reader sees Jig’s ability to come to her own decision about the procedure and submit to the pressure of aRead More Hemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story, Hills Like White Elephants1409 Words   |  6 PagesHemingways Personal Life and its Influence on his Short Story Hills Like White Elephants Hills like White Elephants is not the normal story where you have a beginning, middle and end. Hemingway gave just enough information so that readers could draw their own conclusions. The entire story encompasses a conversation between two lovers and leaves the reader with more questions than answers. Ernest Hemingway was a brilliant writer. People that study Hemingways works try to gain insight andRead MoreErnest Hemingway s Hills Like White Elephants Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesKatherine Escobar Professor. Riobueno ENC1102 12/11/16 Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† is a story about two characters on their journey in the valley of Spain. They are deciding whether or not to make an abortion, which is indirectly implied on the narrative. Hemingway has a specific way of creating the story that it becomes apparent that every description he used is a symbol of the plot. Through this way of storytelling, HemingwayRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, a Theme Analysis Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemmingway uses time, place, and symbolism in Hills like White Elephants to intensify the central dilemma in a story about a man and a woman deciding on whether to go through with an abortion. Although a literal reading of the title may not seem to have any relation to the story, the title is rich in implications. Critics suggest that Hills refers to the shape of a womans stomach when pregnant, and Websters 21st Century Dictionary defines white elephant as: [An] awkward, useless pos sessionRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesfoundation of trust between a man and woman. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† we learn about the communication breakdown, between a woman named Jig and her companion who is an American man. They must make a decision that will affect both of their lives, and potentially end their relationship. The setting of the story represents Jig and her relationship with her American companion. â€Å"The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no treesRead MoreErnest Hemingway s `` Indian Camp `` And Hills Like White Elephants ``928 Words   |  4 Pagescase with Ernest Hemingway as he was well-known to scholars to have his short stories filled with male-chauvinist characters either abusing or disregarding weak and helpless women. However, Bauer, a professor of English and women’s studies, believes that the characterization of Hemingway as an abuser and having a blatant disregard of women is almost entirely created by the scholars and readers of his stories. With an analysis of Hemingway’s â€Å"Indian Camp† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†, Bauer attempts

Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies. Answer: Introduction: Under section 157A of the Companies Act(CA), the fiduciaries duties of the directors have been discussed. The directors make the decisions of the business that are in accordance with their duties under law. Every director has fiduciary duties to their company. When a director is said to have personal interest that has chances of conflicting with his existing fiduciary duties, he should be able to make sufficient disclosure to the company. Such duties have been highlighted in the case of Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134. Therefore, according to the Companies Act, following are the fiduciary duties of a Director: Duty to disclose interests in transactions As per section 156 of the Companies Act, a director of a company needs to disclose in the meeting if he or she is interested in a proposed transaction within the company. Therefore, this particular disclosure is not needed when the interest of the director includes only being a member of an undertaking that is interested in a transaction. There are exceptions as well when the directors will seem to be interested. The duty of the director is also to disclose the kind, extent and character of any sort of conflicts with other directors. Such duties arise because of holding any office or any property (Lyman 2016). If the director fails to disclose such information then he will be liable for a fine not exceeding $5000 or it will result in imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months. Duty to act being honest and use reasonable carefulness - As per section 157 of the Companies Act, the directors are bound to act with honesty and use reasonable diligence while discharging the duties during his office. Therefore, a director should not make inappropriate or indecent use of information that are obtained by the virtue of his position as an officer (Wai 2016). However, if he fails and is found to be guilty of breaching the provisions, the director will be held liable for any kind of profits made by him to the company. Duty to execute power in good faith for the interests of the company Every director has to exercise and execute this fiduciary duty towards their company and therefore they should act as per the interests of the company (Mark 2017). Avoiding conflicts of interest A director of a company has no power to seize the opportunity of a business that he had come across because his designation as the director without the existing consents of the company. Duty to take care Directors of a company will be held liable under the tort of negligence if he fails to carry out his fiduciary duties (Brenda 2015). Directors also have negative duties that he cannot exercise while carrying out his duties. This has been discussed under the Companies Act. As per section 162 of the Companies Act, directors can deal with loans as well. In case of any default and subject to exceptions, a company cannot form a loan to a director of the company. In Singapore, the companies are governed under the principles of the Companies Act. As per this Act, there are relevant provisions and sections relating to loans and borrowings. In this given scenario, the director of S Ltd wanted to purchase a truck that belonged to Cynthia, Shawn and Ming. However, there are specific sections relating to such a situation. According to Section 186(1) of the Corporation Act, a company is restricted from making certain purchases or investments through more than one layers of the investment companies. The directors of the company while borrowing loans should follow the specific restrictions or purchasing objects from other people (Boyer, Martin and Tennyson 2015). Under the Corporation Act, loans or purchases made or security provided must be given related to the director of the company. Therefore, certain parties are required to take approval from the Government. This section imposes a total prevention on companies that provide loans and guarantee to the director or any other individual working in the company. Such restrictions and rules are imposed on the inter-corporate loans that are widely viewed to usher the transactions of a company. As per the recent developments in the Act, it has increased the disclosure norms to rise the level of transparency in the commercial dealings (Lynn and Margaret 2017). For purchasing any object, a director of the company cannot use his personal money to procure it. If the object is being obtained for the use of the company, the company will fund for the object. The director can also opt for a loan from the company if he wishes to purchase anything. Every loan made by a member to the company will be subjected to the specific requirements as mentioned in the Chapter V and the deposit rules of the Act. The purpose of deposit rules is to exempt loans from being provided by the directors of a company. If the director furnishes a declaration to the effect that a loan is generally not given out of th e borrowed funds. In case of private companies, there is severely restricted process of accepting the deposits from the members. The restriction imposed upon the companies for purchasing any object with the monetary help form the company is known as a basic principle of company law. This has been observed in the case of Law Society of Singapore v Ong Cheong Wei [2017] SGHC 293. The issue of this case is to decide whether V Ltd. will have the ground to take action against the director over their conduct while deciding upon a new range of product. As per section 152 of the Corporation Act, a company has the right and power to remove its directors before the expiration of their term of office. This does not constitute any kind of agreement between the company and the director. In certain cases, when the director who was removed represented the interests of the shareholders then there will be a resolution to remove him but it will not take effect until his successor has been appointed. According to section 149B of the Corporations Act, a director of a company is appointed by passing an ordinary resolution passed at a general meeting. After the appointment of the director, he inherits the duties and responsibilities of taking decisions at the board meetings of a company. However, if the company undergoes any kind of massive loss or gets insolvent due to the decision of the director, the company can take actions against the director. Lim Kok Leong v Seen Joo Company Pte Ltd and others discusses the fact that a company can take act ion against the director over any kind of conduct. As witnessed from the given case study, one of the directors of Sales and Profit V Ltd held a meeting for discussing a launch of a new product and makeover. The director gave this responsibility to an employee. Kim, the new employee was asked to determine and decide the product range. For the introduction of this new product, $5 million was borrowed from Last Chance Bank Ltd. Thereafter, V Ltd winded up since the new product was proved unsuccessful. Therefore, the V Ltd has the power to take actions against the director for the insolvency and winding up of the company. The director will be solely responsible for such a condition. A company is a separate legal entity and therefore it can take actions against the director even if he has shares invested in the company. The new product range was decided by a new employee and not by the director himself. However, the director should not have given such responsibility to the new employee, Kim. According to the Corporation Act, a company is treated to be distinct from its members as it is known as a separate legal entity. However, there are exceptional circumstances when the director can be held liable personally for the debts of the company. Corporate veil is a concept that is applicable in such a situation. Firstly, when the corporate form and the limited liability are abused at the expenditure of the third parties. Secondly, when statutory provisions that are imposed on the liabilities on the directors for the obligation of the company. When a company is pretense, the shareholders are enable to enter into the transactions. In the matter of Alwie Handoyo v Tjong Sumito (2013) the sole of a companys director and shareholder were personally liable for an amount of $550,000 for which the company had received this unjustly from a third party. Therefore, it is important for the directors to make sure that the separate legal personality of a company is not abused and is general ly used for evading the law. Otherwise, they will be held liable personally for the obligation of the company. It can be observed from the rule that a director can be liable for the debts of the company of the company has suffered a huge loss because of his fault. When the debt is owed by the director to the third party or another company due to his fault, he or she will be held liable and should clear the amount suffered. V Ltd will be liable to clear the debts and loss suffered by the company because of him (Stefan 2017). The last chance that can be put to use is by clearing the debts as a company cannot allow that director to work if the debts are not cleared by him. Hence, the company directors in Singapore must be aware of the circumstances that can arise under the Corporation Act. References: Anggusti, Martono, Bismar Nasution, Mahmul Siregar, Suhaidi Tan Kamello, Benny Tabalujan, and Hikmahanto Juwana. "Corporate Governance for Employee's Welfare."Int'l J. Soc. Sci. Stud.3 (2015): 257. Boyer, M. Martin, and Sharon Tennyson. "Directors' and officers' liability insurance, corporate risk and risk taking: New panel data evidence on the role of directors' and officers' liability insurance."Journal of Risk and Insurance82, no. 4 (2015): 753-791. Dodd, E. Merrick. "For whom are corporate managers trustees?." InCorporate Governance, pp. 29-47. Gower, 2017. Hannigan, Brenda.Company law. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. Johnson, Lyman. "Relating Fiduciary Duties to Corporate Personhood and Corporate Purpose." (2016). Law Society of Singapore v Ong Cheong Wei [2017] SGHC 293. Lim Kok Leong v Seen Joo Company Pte Ltd and others [2014]SGHC239 Lo, Stefan HC. "Piercing of the corporate veil for evasion of tort obligations."Common Law World Review46, no. 1 (2017): 42-60. Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1967] 2 AC 134. Schwartz, Mark S.Corporate social responsibility. Routledge, 2017. Stout, Lynn A., and Margaret M. Blair. "A team production theory of corporate law." InCorporate Governance, pp. 169-250. Gower, 2017. Van Tuan, Nguyen, and Nguyen Anh Tuan. "Corporate governance structures and performance of firms in Asian markets: A comparative analysis between Singapore and Vietnam."Organizations and markets in emerging economies7, no. 2 (2016). WAN, Wai Yee. "Corporate claims against directors or officers following the companys unlawful conduct." (2015). Wan, Wai Yee. "Recent Developments in Singapore on Company Law and Regulation: Review of the Singapore Companies Act." (2014).

Malorie Blackman’s Noughts and Crosses Essay Example

Malorie Blackman’s Noughts and Crosses Paper In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet (c. 1595) and Malorie Blackman’s 2001 Noughts and Crosses, the theme of forbidden love is greatly conveyed throughout both texts. The themes are similar in each text, regardless of the severe differences in era which are highlighted contextually throughout each of the works. Forbidden love is the foundation to which the downfalls of characters occur and is a key component to the storylines of both texts. In both works, the character’s downfalls are greatly contributed to by those surrounding the main protagonists. This allows for the surrounding characters to stand out as the causes for the bad happenings in both texts, as it is they who make the love forbidden and perhaps thus more desirable to the protagonists. Sacrifice is a key theme in both works which helps to convey the way that both couples’ love is extremely important to the characters. Sacrifice is shown in Romeo and Juliet when they sacrifice their own lives because they are forbidden to be together. Romeo and Juliet sacrifice themselves because of what they believed in. The sacrifices also show that they would rather die than live without their love being allowed and accepted by the people around them. Juliet’s last words, â€Å"There rust and let me die†, emphasise the sacrifice that she makes upon learning of Romeo’s death. The words ‘let me’ show that Juliet wishes to be left to die, much in the way that she wanted to be allowed and left alone to love and be with Romeo. The idea of Juliet being allowed to die shows that she is making the sacrifice of her life as it is, in her mind, the only thing left that she can do which will be her own decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Malorie Blackman’s Noughts and Crosses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Malorie Blackman’s Noughts and Crosses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Malorie Blackman’s Noughts and Crosses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She shows here that she wishes not to live without Romeo and without their love. The idea of Juliet lacking control over her future was a key concern in the Elizabethan era in which the play was written. This is down to the fact that young women like Juliet would have had decisions on big life choices often taken out of their hands. Fathers (or the head of the family) would often have the final say over who the daughter marries. This is shown in Juliet’s situation where her family have intentions for her to marry Count Paris, whilst she wishes to marry Romeo. Sacrifice is also conveyed in Romeo’s death in which before dying he says ‘here’s to my love. ’ This allows the link between the couple’s sacrifice and their love being forbidden to become apparent through the way that Romeo states that his death is for his ‘love. ’ Shakespeare’s use of the word ‘Here’s’ conveys that Romeo is killing himself for his love. Additionally, the word ‘here’s’ would usually be used in a kind of toast or tribute towards something. This allows for Romeo to glamorise his death by it being down to the love forbidden between the couple. The sacrifice in Romeo and Juliet coincides with Shakespeare’s famous genre of tragedy, which is conveyed throughout a number of his works but especially in Romeo and Juliet. David Scott Kastan suggests in his analysis that â€Å"Tragedy, for Shakespeare is the genre of uncompensated suffering. † I would agree with this idea as Shakespeare has incorporated this theory into Romeo and Juliet. The idea of the suffering being ‘uncompensated’ relates to the couple’s situation since they do not get any reward or gain for what they have endured in the end. This point relates to the couple making their individual sacrifices of life as these acts are uncompensated and unrewarded; they gain nothing from their actions. This idea of uncompensated sacrifice is down to the matter of their love being forbidden. The love being forbidden between the two characters results in the sacrifice of their own lives which shows how passionate both characters are about their love. It is conveyed in the language before each death that their sacrifices clearly link to their love being forbidden and frowned upon by others. Similarly, in Noughts and Crosses, Callum sacrifices his life for what he believes in. The ultimatum to sacrifice his life for the life of his baby or his baby’s life for his, results in Callum deciding to be executed. Much like in Romeo and Juliet, Sephy and Callum’s situation is out of their hands and out of their control. The people around them force the couple to make the decision as to who to sacrifice. Callum’s explanation that â€Å"He pulls the hood over my head. I try to pull back. Im not trying to run away. I just want to see her One last time † highlights his desperation to see Sephy for the last time. This conveys Callum’s love for Sephy and his position shows where the couple’s forbidden love has gotten him. This helps to highlight the way in which the couple’s love is truly forbidden and shows the extent of punishment for making their love known by having a baby. â€Å"I’m not trying to run away† shows the way in which Callum faces up to his inevitable sacrifice in the moment of it. Highlighting that he is ‘not’ trying to run away shows that he has accepted his fate to be executed. This shows the way that Callum has come to terms with the sacrifice he must make and in this he shows that he truly would rather save his unborn baby’s life than live on himself. The ellipsis conveys the tone of Callum’s thoughts as, whilst he clearly shows acceptance of his situation, its fragmentation highlights the way he feels about Sephy and it shows how he is much weaker and more emotional when it comes to thinking about her. The ellipsis at the end of the sentence could also represent the end of Callum’s life, as though it is to be continued. This idea could foreshadow the future after his death, conveying the way that his death could alter the views upon Noughts and Crosses being segregated in the future. Much like in Romeo and Juliet, the couple have to sacrifice something regardless of what they choose, whether it be their unborn baby or Callum himself. Whilst Romeo and Juliet would have not lost a physical person if they had not have sacrificed themselves, they would have lost out on the love that they wished to share together. The sacrifice of Callum’s life in Noughts and Crosses shows the way that the couple are forced into making a sacrifice in order to stand up for what they believe in. It also shows the extent of how forbidden their love really is, how seriously the people around them perceive it and how they are controlled by those around them to the point of a forced sacrifice. The outcomes postliminary to the sacrifices in each novel can give an array of answers as to whether the characters’ actions and decisions in the end benefitted each of society’s harsh beliefs around them. The characters surrounding the two couples in each text contribute a great amount to the outcomes and the decisions that the main protagonists make throughout the novels. This conveys the way in which the great sacrifices of life in each text affect the characters surrounding the main protagonists and shows these characters’ reactions to the events that they have partly caused. It allows the remaining characters in the texts to question whether the love was forbidden enough for lives to be lost. In Romeo and Juliet, after the couple sacrifice their lives, it is clear to see that the families put their feuds aside. Upon realising that the pair’s death was down to their love being forbidden by the families, Capulet refers to Montague as ‘brother Montague. The use of the word ‘brother’ highlights Capulet’s desire to resolve the feud. He has realised what has been lost because of the families’ differences. Referring to Montague as ‘brother’ may also indicate the way that Capulet feels guilt and remorse for what the situation has resulted in. In religious terms, ‘brother’ can also be used as a way to refer to a respected fellow male of the same faith. Since the play is set in Catholic Verona, it is possible that Shakespeare uses this language to suggest the respect from a religious perspective that Capulet wishes to show for Montague. This highlights that the families are not so different and shows that they do share similarities, regardless of their great feud. When Capulet exclaims ‘Poor sacrifices of our enmity! ’ Shakespeare demonstrates that Capulet understands exactly why Romeo and Juliet sacrificed themselves. The word ‘our’ shows that he accepts the shared blame for the deaths of the pair. The word ‘enmity’ connotes friction and hostility, which evidences the severity of the feud. The exclamation point after ‘enmity’ also helps to portray Capulet’s heartache and remorse as it makes his statement more dramatic and as though he has come to a great realisation. The tone created by the punctuation results in the strong, powerful man seeming helpless and remorseful, allowing the audience to recognise Capulet’s downfall just as he has. On the contrary, Callum’s death in Noughts and Crosses does not seem to affect the surrounding characters to the same extent as the tragedy in Romeo and Juliet does. Whilst Romeo and Juliet choose to sacrifice themselves, Callum is forced into execution after refusing to allow his unborn child to be executed. This may explain the neutral reaction after his death, because it was planned and intentional. After Callum’s death, it is clear to see Sephy’s upset and grievance, as expected. However, the situation in society does not change. In the sequel to the novel, Callum’s death is shown to have had an effect on society and shapes what will be accepted for the future. However, in the first of the Noughts and Crosses series, in the little time after Callum’s death, no characters responsible seem to feel remorseful. Blackman points out that â€Å"The deputy Prime Minister [Kamal Hadley] was unavailable for comment’’, making it clear that Kamal Hadley wishes to make no comments publicly about the execution of Callum McGregor. Since this is the last statement made about Kamal in the novel, it is unclear whether he refuses to comment because he does not care about Callum’s death or whether he refuses because he is guilty and remorseful. From Kamal’s attitude towards Callum throughout the novel, it is likely that he is careless and thoughtless of his death. However, it seems unusual that a man of such power and firm beliefs, would not make a statement or speech justifying his reasons for giving the pair this ultimatum in an attempt to get the public on his side. On the other hand, it could also be argued that there is no comment made because, despite what happened, Sephy gives her baby daughter Callum’s last name: ‘’Miss Hadley has issued a statement that her daughter†¦ will be taking her father’s name of McGregor. † The fact that Sephy is able to issue a statement whilst her father is not could show that she is the stronger one out of the two of them. It shows that, despite what has happened, she will continue to stand for what she believes in and not be put down by the beliefs of those surrounding her. Kamal’s failure to make a statement could be down to embarrassment as, despite killing Callum, he has not stopped his daughter from doing the unthinkable by having a child with a Cross. Although at this stage in the series there are no sure indications of how the events will effect society, Blackman foreshadows the events of the following books by incorporating such bravery and self-belief into Sephy’s character, right up until the end of the text. The forbidden love in both texts is ushered along by characters that could be considered as assistants or helpers to each couple in their different situations. Friar Lawrence comes across clearly as the helper in Romeo and Juliet in the way that he supports the couple. He believes that their love could be beneficial for both characters’ families, remarking that In one respect I’ll thy assistant be, For this alliance may so happy prove To turn your household’s rancor into pure love. Here, Friar Lawrence expresses the fact that he seeks to be an ‘assistant’ for the couple. He explains his reasons for believing that he should be, by expressing that he thinks the love could have a positive outcome for both families. The word ‘alliance’ connotes the idea to join and unite. This conveys Friar Lawrence’s want for unison and peace between the two families and shows that he believes the pair’s ‘alliance’ could help to achieve this. The word ‘rancor’, connoting bitterness and spite, describes the rottenness of the relationship between the two families. Friar Lawrence then uses ‘pure love’ to describe the way that the families could become if united. The use of ‘pure’ connotes innocence, fairness and also conveys religious imagery. The religious imagery here could be used to convey the way in which the couple’s love would be pure and not tarnished or affected by the evil in those around them. The religious imagery is contextually relevant to the setting of Romeo and Juliet as Roman Catholic Verona was obviously notably religious. It could also be used to indicate that Friar Lawrence expects them to marry and be a respectful, traditional couple of the time. The words ‘rancor’ and ‘pure love’ are a stark contrast. It allows for the two feelings to be conveyed and show the way in which the families will over time transform from feelings of bitterness and hatred to feelings of friendship and unison. This conveys the way that Friar Lawrence has good intentions for the couple, allowing the reader to see that he is a character with a good heart in the play, striving to do the right thing. Friar Lawrence clearly does not approve of the feud that the families have with each other. Similarly, in Noughts and Crosses, Jasmine Hadley does not seem to believe in the segregation between Noughts and Crosses, despite her ex-husband greatly believing in it and being a strong proponent of the cause. Jasmine proves this from the beginning of the novel when she shows herself to be a good friend of a Cross, who also works for her family. Jasmine is much like Friar Lawrence in the way that she also acts as a kind of assistant for Callum and his family without them knowing. However, whilst Friar Lawrence is open with Romeo and Juliet about assisting them, Jasmine is not. She secretly helps the family out of fear that she may be negatively affected and judged if people find out that she, as a Nought, is helping a Cross. This is demonstrated through her confession that â€Å"I did everything that was humanly possible to make sure Ryan McGregor wouldn’t hang. And that’s not to leave this room. Here Jasmine proves that she does have a guilty conscious towards the way that the crosses were treated. Her specification of ‘Humanly possible’ suggests that Jasmine did absolutely everything she could. However, this is contrasted by the possibility that Jasmine could have spoken up against what was happening as a well-respected Nought woman, and could have used her power to try and negotiate a change in how the Crosses are being treated. This shows the way in which Crosses would not speak out against the segregation and unfair treatment even if they wanted to. It highlights the way in which even they felt threatened to share their opinions and beliefs. This conveys the way in which even the Crosses found it hard to speak out against a firm, in place system. Jasmine’s insistence that â€Å"And that’s not to leave this room† backs up the idea that Crosses were afraid to speak out for what was right. Jasmine shows that even she is fearful of what would happen if people knew that she attempted to help a Nought family. Both novels convey helpers or assistants that attempt to help the different situations along the way. Friar Lawrence does it because he openly believes that it is the right thing to do. On the other hand, Jasmine Hadley acts upon her guilty conscience for the unfair way that the Noughts are treated. This conveys the way in which Friar Lawrence as a helper is selfless and helping for the best intentions, whilst Jasmine Hadley is helping because of her guilty conscience and inability to speak out for what she believes is right. Both works have clear themes of forbidden love shown throughout each text. Whilst the texts are both written by two very different writers and set in extremely different times, the themes and ideas are still similar throughout. The strong link between the two texts is the way in which the surrounding characters impact each of the situations and alter the end result of both texts. Without the surrounding characters, there would be no forbidden love and thus no storyline for either of the texts. Both texts provoke thought amongst the audience as to whether the dramatic acts of that characters will alter the society’s views in each of the texts, or whether life will stay the same; cruelly ignoring what has been lost and what has been broken beyond repair.